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The Ottoman Empire used a variety of flags, especially as naval ensigns, during its history. Between 1793 and 1844, the ships of the Ottoman Navy used a red flag featuring a white crescent and a white 8-pointed star. In 1844, a modified version of this flag, with a 5-pointed star, was officially adopted as the Ottoman national flag. The decision to adopt a national flag in 1844 was part of the Tanzimat reforms in the 19th century, which aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the laws and norms of contemporary European states and institutions. The familiar star and crescent design later became a common element in the national flags of Ottoman successor states in the 20th century. The current flag of Turkey is essentially equal to the Ottoman flag of 1844–1923, but has more specific legal standardizations (regarding its measures, geometric proportions, and exact tone of red) that were introduced with the Turkish Flag Law on May 29, 1936. ==Early flags== The pre-modern Ottoman armies used the horse-tail standard or ''tugh'' rather than flags. Such standards remained in use alongside flags until the 19th century. A depiction of a tugh is found in the ''Relation d'un voyage du Levant''by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1718).〔'' Lors des campagnes, la marche du Grand Vizir (1er ministre nommé par le Sultan de Constantinople) est précédée par trois Étendards ou Queues de cheval terminées chacune par une pomme dorée, ils sont l'enseigne militaire des Othomans appelée Thou ou Thouy. On dit qu'un Général de cette nation, ne sachant comment rallier ses troupes qui avaient perdu tous ses Étendards, s'avisa de couper la queue d'un cheval et de l'attacher au bout d'une lance; les soldats coururent à ce nouveau signal et remportèrent la victoire...'' cited after Marc Pasquin, 22 November 2004, (crwflags.com ); c.f. also a (facsimile image ) hosted at the BNF website. 〕 War flags came into use by the 16th century. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Ottoman war flags often depicted the bifurcated ''Zulfikar'' sword, often misinterpreted in Western literature as showing a pair of scissors.〔e.g. Jaques Nicolas Bellin, ''Tableau des Pavillons de le nations que aborent à la mer'' (1756).〕 A Zulfikar flag claimed to have been used by Selim I (d. 1520) is on exhibit in the Topkapi Museum. Two Zulfikar flags are also depicted in a plate dedicated to Turkish flags in vol. 7 of Bernard Picart's ''Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde'' (1737), attributed to the Janissaries and the Ottoman cavalry. The crescent symbol appears in flags attributed to Tunis from as early as the 14th century (''Libro de conoscimiento''), long before Tunis fell under Ottoman rule in 1574. The Spanish Navy Museum in Madrid shows two Ottoman naval flags dated 1613; both are swallow-tailed, one green with a white crescent near the hoist, the other white with two red stripes near the edges of the flag and a red crescent near the hoist.〔 Nozomi Karyasu & António Martins, 8 October 2006 on (Flags of the World ).〕 ==Flags used after the 1844 reforms == With the Tanzimat reforms in the 19th century, flags were redesigned in the style of the European armies of the day. The flag of the Ottoman Navy was made red, as red was to be the flag of secular institutions and green of religious ones. As the reforms abolished all the various flags (standards) of the Ottoman pashaliks, beyliks and emirates, a single new Ottoman national flag was designed to replace them. The result was the red flag with the white crescent moon and star, which is the precursor to the modern flag of Turkey. A plain red flag was introduced as the civil ensign for all Ottoman subjects. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flags of the Ottoman Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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